Benefits Of Coaching As Best Described By Sir John Whitmore

Coaching as best described by Sir John Whitmore is unlocking a person’s potential to maximize their own performance. It is helping them learn rather than teaching them. Coaching is a relationship, usually found in the workplace, focused more on task and performance. A coach would likely set goals for the learner and evaluate performance upon completion of a task or at the end of a period. Coaches are usually assigned. John C. Crosby says, â€Å"Mentoring is a brain to pick, an ear to listen, and a push in the right direction.† A mentor is a more experienced person that is willing to share knowledge with a mentee in a trusted relationship. Mentorship influences personal development as a whole and his or her career. This relationship does not have to be a formal one; mentors can be beneficial from a distance. Mentors are usually self-chosen. As human nature dictates, we all have to be motivated or see the potential benefits of the things we do. Will taking this course of action make us happier, place us in a better financial position, or get you that promotion? Both mentoring and coaching can benefit individuals in progressing successfully in their careers. Using coaching can increase productivity, build self-confidence, improve skills, and ensure satisfaction of clients. There is a saying in the Bahamas, â€Å"fisherman don’t call his fish stink.† Essentially, it means that we often are not aware of or willing to acknowledge our downfalls and deficiencies. In a coaching relationship,

The Current Policies And Procedures - 1416 Words

In reference to David and Anne case study, Anne ought to be advised by the healthcare providers about the aforementioned policies and procedures in order to ensure that they are adequately informed about the care, and are supported throughout the care process. Anne should be guided that it is alright to grieve for her husband, and that recovery is not a rapid process and is a long journey, but with appropriate interventions, procedures and policies, all will be alright (NICE, 2013). 2.2 Explain how others in social networks provide support to Anne and David People who are closely affected by addiction are close relatives, family members, staff, and volunteers of the healthcare organizations. According to National Institute for Health and†¦show more content†¦2.3 The suitability of external sources of support to people affected by significant life events David and Anne may also need professional support in some cases. The support provided could be from cultural support, spiritual organizations, psychologist, psychiatrist and occupational therapist. The main aim for these referrals is to ensure that the individuals obtain holistic assessment and are assisted accordingly. The holistic assessment includes physical assessment, spiritual assessment, and psychological, social and cultural support. This is important so that the external support can relate to preferences and needs associated to treatment, care and support. The holistic assessment is often done by multidisciplinary group including the healthcare professionals. The treatment made should be tailored to match the individual needs (Shear, Marion and Kenworthy, 2013). The psychological support includes emotional empowerment and support which is achieved from support groups such as the anonymous group. The services include cognitive behavioral theory and training of social skills. This will help the providers to work on David and Anne confidence and phobias issues. It will also help improve medication adherence in order to ease the psychological distress such as depression and anxietyShow MoreRelatedHow Current Health and Safety Legislation, Policies and Procedures Are Implemented in Setting21540 Words   |  87 Pagesdevelopment. †¢ Listening to, encouraging, enabling, stimulating and ensuring the safe keeping of the children †¢ Provision of refreshments, encouraging healthy eating and promoting a healthy lifestyle †¢ To implement and update policies and procedures in line with Ofsted and NCMA guidance. †¢ To work towards assessment against a nationally recognised quality assurance scheme. Health and Safety To ensure a safe environment for children including †¢ Risk assessments should beRead MoreDescribe How Current Health and Safety Legislation, Policies and Procedures Are Implemented in the Setting.739 Words   |  3 Pages1) Describe how current health and safety legislation, policies and procedures are implemented in the setting. There are several key pieces of legislation that impact on how schools manage the health and safety of both their employees, and others who come into contact with the school e.g pupils, support workers and parents. These pieces of legislation are: The Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974 This act places the responsibility of ensuring the health and safety and welfare of employeesRead MoreIdentify the Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures for Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People.1051 Words   |  5 PagesIdentify the current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people. These are as follows: †¢ Children’s act 1098/2004 †¢ Education act 2002 †¢ E-safety 2008 †¢ Safeguarding †¢ Human rights act. And many more. The following is an outline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within the UK Home Nation for Safeguarding Children. 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Some of these are; The Children Act 1989 This is an act to amend previous laws relating to children: To provide for local authority services for children in need and others: To make provision for those who foster, childmindRead MoreIdentify the Current Legislations, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures for Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People Including E-Safety.758 Words   |  4 PagesIdentify the current legislations, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people including e-safety. Many accounts of child abuse and neglect can be avoided in many cases if all the agencies involved with children worked well together and were able to identify the signs that a child was at risk. Many children have their development affected through the actions of abuse, neglect or bullying, the majority of these events happen behind closed doorsRead MoreIdentify the current legislation ,guidelines ,policies ad procedure for safeguarding the welfare of children and young people including e.safety935 Words   |  4 PagesAnswer 1-1 The current legislation and guidelines are policies and procedures for safeguarding who is promoting childrens welfare and putting measures in lace to improve childrens safety and preserve abuse. Child protection who are action taken to protect child when there is a reasonable belief that they are at risk of significant harm. 1. be healthy 2. stay safe 3. enjoy and achieve 4. make a positive contribution 5. achieve economic well-being Child abuse , harm or theRead MoreThe Main Current Legislation Guidelines Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation for Safeguarding Children and Young People.1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe main current legislation guidelines policies and procedures within own UK home nation for safeguarding children and young people. 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During the interview an application for a criminal records bureau (crb) check is made once it has been deemed that the applicant has completed the criteria for employment the crb applicationRead MoreOutline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedure Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People766 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 Outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedure within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. Any individual who comes into contact with children in their daily line of work â€Å"has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children†. Safeguarding means protecting and promoting the child’s welfare and putting measure in place to prevent abuse. Child protection is protecting a child where there is reason to believe that the child has

Apple vs Samsung Patent Battle a Threat to Innovation Free Essays

APPLE VS SAMSUNG PATENT BATTLE A THREAT TO INNOVATION Rather than innovate and develop its own technology and a unique Samsung style for its Smartphone product and computer tablets, Samsung choose to copy Apple’s technology user interface and innovation style in these infringing products. Apple had accused Samsung of copying its intellectual property, including its very broad design patents for rectangular â€Å"electronic devices. And Apple wants to use those patents to stop its competitor from selling items like the new (rectangular) Galaxy tablet and (rectangular) Android-based Smartphone’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple vs Samsung Patent Battle a Threat to Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now On Aug. 24, a San Jose jury awarded Apple Inc. a whopping $1. 05 billion in damages. Apple-Samsung jury: Verdict †¢The nine-person jury in the trial between the two tech-giants faces a wildly complex form to determine the winner. †¢SAN JOSE, Calif. — There is little doubt that the trial between Apple and Samsung taking place here is complex, and perhaps nowhere is that clearer than in the form that jurors will have to fill out on their way to reaching a verdict later this week. The document, which both sides have yet to agree on, is still in its draft stage. In Samsung’s case, it’s 33 questions long, and stretched across 17 pages. For Apple, it’s 23 questions spread over nine pages. †¢Both forms ask jurors to check off which products infringe on specific patent claims, an exercise that includes going through charts that sometimes span several pages. On Apple’s form there are some 225 checkboxes regarding patent infringement. The other parts of the verdict form ask slightly more nebulous questions, like whether claims within the patents from both sides are valid, and the all-important dollar amount that one side or the other is owed as a result of any infringements. †¢On the bright side, certain patent features are greyed out since not all products carry the identical feature set. That could be a welcome sight for the nine-person jury, who must reach a unanimous decision. Result †¢The jury award shows the growing importance of design for electronic makers. California jury awarded Apple $1. 05 billion in a patent dispute with Samsung. †¢The share price of Samsung electronics dropped nearly 7. 5 %in trading THREAT TO INNOVATION †¢Industry has used copyright as a means of preventing innovation. Copyright was a deliberate weapon to stop innovation, and thus maintain the status quo. The patent system is being used similarly †¢Whether the patent system prevents people like them from entering th e market with their inventions is unknown. They are more than likely to continue working because they are optimists chasing a dream of seeing their invention realised; of being rich, or just creating something that serves a purpose. †¢The barriers to them achieving their goals for themselves and how they are shared to all must be removed. That means renovating the current system to enhance the opportunities for innovation. †¢It will require legislators with the will to change the rules and protocols in the face of opposition from vested interests. It is possible, but the motive may not originate from a wish to assist the corporation – like patents which were conceived to underwrite investments in innovation – but to serve the wider interests of society †¢Ã¢â‚¬ It will lead to fewer choices, less innovation, and potentially higher prices,† Samsung said in a written statement. †¢ â€Å"It is unfortunate that patent law can be manipulated to gi ve one company a monopoly over rectangles with rounded corners, or technology that is being improved every day by Samsung and other companies. †¢Apple, meanwhile, praised the court for â€Å"sending a loud and clear message that stealing isn’t right. † This highlights a central issue in today’s innovation-based economy. †¢Intellectual property law is based on the notion that copying is bad for creativity. It is usually cheaper to copy something than create something wholly new. If innovators are not protected against imitation, they will not invest in more innovation. †¢The real world, however, tells a different story. Imitation is at the centre of an enormous amount of innovation. Rules against copying are sometimes necessary. But in many cases, they serve to slow down innovation. Copying, in short, is often central to creativity. †¢How can copying be beneficial? Because it can enable as well as inhibit innovation. When we think of innovation, we usually picture a lonely genius toiling away until he or she finally has an â€Å"aha! † moment. †¢In fact, innovation is often an incremental, collective and competitive process. And the ability to build on existing creative work — to tweak and refine it — is critical to the creation of new and better things. Copying can also drive the process of invention, as competitors strive to stay ahead. AFFECTS ON CONSUMER †¢Consumers are the real loser in this verdict. †¢Consumers do not get Samsung accused products in U. S market. †¢Consumer confusion between products and functions. †¢Now consumer may not get better existing products for lower prices. BUSINESS LESSONS FROM A PPLE VS SAMSUNG †¢INSPIRATION NOT IMITATION. †¢DELIGHT LEADS TO DESIGN AND NOT THE OTHER WAY ROUND. †¢DON’T MIMIC BUSINESS DNA. †¢WE ALL DO WRONG STUFF BUT IF YOU GET NOTICED AND WARNED BE SMART. How to cite Apple vs Samsung Patent Battle a Threat to Innovation, Papers

Australian Conceptual Framework in Accounting Standard

Question: Discuss acout the Australian Conceptual Framework in Accounting Standard. Answer: Introduction: This unit will provide an understanding of Australian Conceptual Framework in accounting standard setting and its practical applicability in a commercial environment. The major purpose of this units is to make learners well versed with accounting concepts and principals applicable in Australia and its compliance by business entities. By the topics covered under this unit, I will be able to learn and understand Australian Conceptual Framework inclusive of accounting policies and standards along with its objectives and use in businesses. This study will assist me in my future as I will be able to form better business policies for my business or for the company for whom I will prevent penalties that can be imposed due to non-compliance. Further, I will also be able to develop better internal control to ensure ethics and legal framework in the accounting of operational activities. Conceptual framework refers to analytical tool with several contexts and variations. In this unit, we get to know that International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has developed their own conceptual framework for the description of basic concepts. These standards are applicable to the preparation of financial statements in order to ensure uniformity and reliability in the information presented (Banerjee, Horridge and Vargas, 2016). In Australia, financial reporting standards are developed by Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB). This body had also contributed to the development of global financial reporting standards. I will be able to learn Australian Conceptual Framework by studying its core principles and policies. The initial focus in this unit is focused on basic concepts as for advanced learning it is important to have a firm academic base. Thus, initially, I had cleared my basic concepts like accounting equation, double entry accounting, accounting cycle and preparation of financial statements and accounting records. I had gained this knowledge from learning of previous units, and I had practised these concepts thoroughly for a better understanding of further concepts. Now by learning accounting policies and procedures, I am shaping my accounting knowledge properly. I am applying this learning by studying financial framework of well-known Australian companies. In addition to this, I am also considering online articles on the concerned subject matter. Australian Accounting Standards are inclusive of necessities that are definite to entities operating in Australia. In accordance with the Australian accounting standards, business entities are required to prepare financial statements as per norms of Corporations Act 2001. These standards are applicable under two tiers which are as follows: Table 1: Applicability of Australian accounting standards as per tiers Tier 1 Australian Accounting Standards Tier 2 Australian Accounting Standards Reduced Disclosure Requirements This tier concept is governed by provisions of AASB 1053 and interpretations of these standards is provided under AASB 1048. In this unit, my priority was to understand the applicability of Australian Conceptual Framework on corporate entities as my aim is to become reputed financial advisor is future. For this post, I must have in-depth knowledge of financial concepts and its applicability in business situations. By considering this fact, I had focused on practical aspects of applicability, company examples instead of subjective theory. However, later I realise theoretical knowledge is the base for practical applicability. The major challenge in this unit I faced is simultaneous applicability of accounting standards for preparation of financial statements in order to show financial facts accurately. In starting classes, I was not attentive due to which now I am not able to understand some concepts. In order to resolve this issue, I will re-read the notes and study material provided to us in the unit. With this approach, I will be able to strengthen my concepts and can understand the subject matter in an efficient manner. For this, I will take help from my class fellows and mentor to resolve my doubts and for better clarifications. In addition to this, I will use secondary research to understand the concept. This will work as my strength as I will be aware of topics to make the lecture more interesting to be attentive. Furthermore, I can participate activities in academic activities to apply learnings in a proper manner. By this approach, I will be able to get good grades as well as overcome my academic weaknesses. As per my experience, various skills are required for an individual for learning in accounting. Primarily, a person must be well versed with accounting entries and double entry accounting as it is the core of the subject. If one has issues or doubts with this concept, then they can never understand further accounting concepts correctly. It is because; entire concepts are based on double entry system. Further, individual must have sound knowledge of preparation of financial statements manually as well as on software. By this, they will be able to maintain accounting records in an appropriate manner. Apart from subject knowledge, an individual must have analytical skills, communication and presentation skills and management skills (Barth, 2015). It is because they have to deal with inventory valuation, managing receivables and doubtful debts, budgeting, using of proper costing methods and managing periodic and perpetual inventory system. Feedback from the assessment is the most crucial aspect of the unit as this will let me know my weaknesses through which I will be able to identify areas on which I have to work. With the feedback, our mentor will provide us guidance to improve performance in the near future. Further, by abiding with provided recommendations I can work on my weaknesses to improve my performance and skills. In accordance with the study of Macve (2015), accounting is not about individual learnings as in real world one have to apply various concepts simultaneously in order to get desired results. This fact shows that different parts of accounting learning are strongly connected. In order to run business smoothly, entrepreneur and management is required to develop an efficient internal control. For this aspect, they are required to be aware of business concepts, ethics in accounting and regulatory framework. It is because, they are required to apply this knowledge simultaneously to develop viable business policies to achieved desired objectives. Further, this fact I also had experienced in my previous units. Previously, I was not able to make accurate depreciation entries accurately, and I ignored this fact but later in difficult problems of depreciation I completely struck. Then, my class fellow makes me understand basic concepts then he clarified my doubts. By this incident I get to know all concepts in accounting are connected in direct or indirect manner, and one should be focused while learning for better knowledge. Topics covered under this unit are directly connected to previous topics as for applicability of accounting standards it is important to understand how to record business transactions. On the basis of this knowledge, financial statements can be prepared to summarise accounting information (Henderson, Herbohn and Howieson, 2015). Further, the applicability of accounting standards is next step of learning as it assists in the disclosure of information in a proper manner. My previous concepts are clear through which I am able to understand concepts covered under this unit. However, the disclosure of depreciation is still an issue, but I am working on this by learning relevant standards like AASB 116 AASB 138 (Loyeung, Weber and Wells, 2016). My aim is to becoming a financial advisor in a reputed company and for this post, I am required to be well versed with the accounting concepts. In order to achieve my aim by learning accounting conceptual framework properly. Further, I am learning accounting software like Saasu, ERP, etc. In order to make improvement in my learning process, I will do part time job for small companies to apply my theoretical knowledge and to enhance my practical exposure in the field of accounting. Further, I will attend a seminar to know the viewpoint of experts to enhance my knowledge and to get a better vision. In addition to this, I will read online articles to get updated regarding amendments in accounting standards and its applicability on business entities. By this learning, my attitude towards accounting and commerce has been changed drastically. Previously, I think that accounting is all about figures like mathematics, but I was completely wrong. By this accounting course, I was able to understand accounting is about several policies and procedures to assist businesses in recording transactions in an appropriate manner. Further, this information assists stakeholders in making rational decisions to enhance profits and to achieve their desired objectives (Henderson, Herbohn and Howieson, 2015). For future, I am planning to apply for masters in accounting in a renowned university for enhancement of my skills and knowledge. I will also do a part time job to gain practical experience in accounting field. By this, I will be able to get proper growth in my career to achieve my dream. In addition to this, I will also learn accounting software to enhance my efficiency in accounting work. I will participate in academic activities to develop my interpersonal skills in order to become a good manager as well as a leader. By this approach, I will be able to overcome my identified weaknesses and to get prosperous future. References Banerjee, O., Horridge, M. and Vargas, R., 2016. A Conceptual Framework for Integrated EconomicEnvironmental Modeling. Journal of Environment Development, 25(3). Pp.276-305. Henderson, S., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015. Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Macve, R., 2015. A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Loyeung, A., Weber, J. and Wells, P.A., 2016. The cost of implementing new accounting standards: The case of IFRS adoption in Australia. Barth, M.E., 2015. Financial Accounting Research, Practice, and Financial Accountability. Abacus. 51(4). Pp.499-510.

Lennie Of Mice and Men Essay Example

Lennie Of Mice and Men Paper New York Times critic Ralph Thompson described the novel as a grand little book, for all its ultimate melodrama. â€Å" A Steinbeck legacy† said Chicago Publisher.What book are all these people raving about? To not much of a surprise the heartwarming and interesting book, Of Mice and Men written by the literature hero John Steinbeck.The story is about two bindlestiffs or hobos who are very close friends. The two close friends go by the names of Lennie and George. The two men travel to Salinas California for work due to an incident back in Weed. At their new work they are not just bucking barley but growing new relationships and dreams. One of the two men, Lennie suffers with mental retardness. His illness doesnt stop him from hard work though. Lennie is a very kind hearted guy but he is also very liable to people, specifically to George the other bindlestiff. Out of all the characters in the book, Lennie stuck out as the most kind-hearted guy. His love for soft things goes to show how kind he is. Lennie was always touching something soft, such as petting a mice on the way to Salinas, or the going into the barn to play with the puppies. Even though he might of accidently killed the animals it wasnt out of harm or anger. His want for soft things helps show how hes just a soft guy. Also his kind heart showed when Lennie didnt want to fight Curley back. Curley threw the first punch but Lennie didn’t fight back. Lennie wanted no trouble with Curley, he didnt have the rage or anger to fight back. Another example is how Lennie didn’t care about Crooks being black, he just wanted company. He might of not thoroughly understood why it was odd to be talking to a black man, but he still was kind to Crooks. Lennie was kind and so innocent to him. Lennie looked at Crooks as just another friend when he went into Crook’s stable to t alk. Kind hearted is just a simple word to show how caring and loving Lennie is. We will write a custom essay sample on Lennie Of Mice and Men specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lennie Of Mice and Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lennie Of Mice and Men specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Henceforth of being

Comparing and contrasting the bronze doors of Bishop Bernward with Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery

Comparing and contrasting the bronze doors of Bishop Bernward with Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery The bronze doors of Bishop Bernward Art is accorded a lot of significance in addressing the manner in which Biblical aspects are communicated and vital information preserved from one generation to another. The bronze doors at Bishop Bernward have images such as the one depicting God condemning Abraham and Eve after they had eaten the forbidden fruit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and contrasting the bronze doors of Bishop Bernward with Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The typological and thematic comparisons of the images on this door outline unique artistic features necessary in portraying the uniqueness of different works of art. In one of the images, Adam and Eve seem to be apportioning blame on the snake as their defense of their disobedience to God’s commandments. Cast in a single piece which is an extraordinary achievement, the doors have outs tanding religious messages with the main themes aimed at either praising or condemning certain Biblical happenings. The eight bar relief panels on the doors are symbolic in nature. The inclusion of the Biblical book of Genesis on the left and that of the life of Jesus Christ on the other right side of some of the images helps to communicate rich messages on the significance of the historical background and life of Jesus and his purpose for mankind. The symbolism on the doors of Bishop Bernward reveals the significance of the concept of baptism which is the sacrament that cleanses people’s sins. Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery The self portrait shown at the Baptistery East Door is seen to be moving outward with uniquely identified features that portray a man who is under hostage. The other image that features a group of people reveals the manner in which Joseph was captured and then put into imprisonment. The image portrays a sad scenario as it could be argue d that the people in the image on the door convey connotations of slavery and the torture that Joseph underwent. The original gilded-bronze panel doors depict the manner in which Joseph was tortured before finally being sold into slavery in a foreign land. The Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery are the best, most unique and outstanding of all the bronze doors of the time. They have in-depth color with little use of background shadows. The message communicated by the artistic message on the doors is very unique and conspicuous. The bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery are described as the gates of the renowned city of paradise. The images provide vital complementary information on the meaning of religion and the significance of religious practices of the church in the contemporary society. The church is depicted as a gateway to heaven and thus gives a lot meaning on the relevance of the bronze doors. Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery: Image of Joseph being sold Comparison and Contradiction The fact that the two sets of doors are made of bronze is an indicator of the rich artistic nature of the people or culture behind the works. Though the concept of the shadow is not quite clear on the images on the Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery, the two sets of doors have utilized shadows to create a sense of depth. The sense of depth creates a strong feeling that the essence of distance is accorded due consideration in the images on the doors. Images at the Bishop Bernward’s doors The Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery have images that are golden in color and with very outward looking images. The bronze doors of Bishop Bernward are dominated with dull colors with the images sometimes being overshadowed due to their small sizes. It is also evident that â€Å"ne gative space† is used on the images on the doors. In both instances, the use of messages is scanty. Extremely little emphasis is laid on the use of messages, visual rhythm and imagery on the diverse images on the doors of Bishop Bernward. The doors also have a definite rift in the depiction of images. Repetition is another concept emphasized on the bronze doors of Bishop Bernward. Emphasis is laid on the need to bring out depth by ensuring that texts and images are small. This fact is evident on the doors that have images of God ostensibly addressing Adam and Eve. Bishop Bernward’s doors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and contrasting the bronze doors of Bishop Bernward with Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rift between the images on the bronze doors of Bishop Bernward is palpable. One quality that lacks on the doors is uniform visual rhy thm as certain doors are more lit than others. This fact is however not manifested on the doors that have the image of Joseph being sold as a slave since the use of shape, color, line, texture and the need for effective modeling of figures is accorded a lot of importance. The bronze doors of Bishop Bernward effectively utilize gesture, symbolism and a lot of repetitive messages as is evidenced by the symbolic presentation of the cross by a hidden leaved cross on one of the doors. The bronze doors of Bishop Bernward While the messages on the bronze doors of Bishop Bernward are extremely symbolic and difficult to decipher, the ones on the Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery are clearer, have outstanding and impressive messages and the modeling of figures is clear and with adequate gesture. The Ghiberti’s bronze doors are big in size with an impressive link between the â€Å"positive and negative spaces†. There is a major variation in depth of color and sh adow in the two instances. Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence BaptisteryAdvertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is a unique yet very closely correlated stylistic composition and presentation of unique qualities that focus on enhancing the message contained on the doors of Bishop Bernward and those of the Ghibertis bronze doors. The images on both doors are mainly placed at the front section of the doors and are balanced in the manner in which images are aligned to the door frames. While the two sets of doors are made of bronze, it is evident that the bronze doors of the Florence Baptistery reveal very striking innovations that definitely surpass the previous versions of the bronze doors including those at Bishop Bernward. The Ghibertis bronze doors at the Florence Baptistery have conservative motifs and outstanding compositional thoughts that are inherited from the cultural past of the medieval times. Another similarity of the doors lies in the fact that in both cases, the elements between symmetry and hierarchy and symmetry and the notion of entry points to sacred places are the automa tic single gateways to the much admired paradise. Both doors have a relatively similar composition of messages, images, related patterns of intersecting lines, uniform looping with a strong sense of energy and edges that border all individual scenes. Modeling of the figures on both doors has also been done though with varied intensity.

Environmental Problem And Solution Research Paper

Environmental Problem And Solution - Research Paper Example The most common and damaging greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, also called CO2. Unfortunately, we are currently destroying the best known carbon regulators- plants. Deforestation not only impedes carbon capture, but the dead and decayed flora further releases CO2 into the environment. As the climate keeps getting warmer the various species in their respective ecosystems are exposed to threatening adaptability challenges as a result of which their number and diversity is rapidly on decline. A proper understanding and control of CO2 is pivotal to prevent an unstoppable catastrophic warming of the Earth. Environmental Problem and Solution For the purpose of better understanding the alarming situation we are in, I have picked a news article from BBC News, Washington by Jane O’Brien, 4 November 2010, â€Å"The World’s longest running carbon dioxide experiment†. One of the most pressing challenges on global warming is the fact that nobody exactly knows how the earth wi ll react to the progressive climate change. This article provides an insight to some of the most imperative concerns about the effects of global warming, and some hypothetical suggestions of handling it. Every year the rising sea levels engulf humongous hectares of land thereby threatening the existence of heavily populated coastlines (Sarwar & Khan, 2007). Other impacts of global climate change include melting glaciers, stronger storms, higher floods, less snow north and more drought south (IPCC, 2007). Several greenhouse gases are responsible for climate warming, but CO2 forms the herculean contributor as the concentration of the other gases is much lower. The buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere is mainly from the combustion of fossil fuels in car, factories and electricity production (Miller, 2004). In the longest running CO2 experiment, carried out on the shore of Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay, scientists have created a unique salt marsh that simulates the situation of the futur e (O’Brien, 2010). One characteristic of CO2 is that it acts as a fertilizer on some plants making it grow appreciably faster, building new soil and hence tacking the problem of rising sea levels. The scientists in this study have tailored the condition our planet will be exposed to by the year 2100 by setting up a patch of marshland and covering it with atmospherically controlled CO2 chambers which have roughly double the CO2 content of what we have today. However other environmental peril like pollution can have a huge dampening effect on the growth promoting property of CO2. Another aspect which this living laboratory has exploited is the susceptibility of the marsh to a variety of weed, Phragmites australis. The growth of this plant is fortified by high CO2 levels. The expeditious growth of such unwanted flora can displace the native habitats and the organisms which populate it. A better understanding of how these ecosystems behave under altered condition would help in pl anning the future. Being enlightened of the increasing CO2 levels, we can be prepared to control the invasive species like Phragmites australis, which thrive on CO2 and degrade the biodiversity of the ecosystem. Another aspect of these invasive plant species is that they may help counterbalance the problem of soil erosion. Having cognizance of this dual purview it can be decided whether or not to allow these plant species to thrive. Discussion The ongoing CO2 experiment began in 1987 with the aim of examining the

Human Resources Management, Management in Organisations Essay

Human Resources Management, Management in Organisations - Essay Example But, despite new and advanced equipments, machineries or even computer programs, the human component remains a very important factor of production. Kaplan and Norton (2005) argue that it is important to measure other perspectives other than that of the traditional financial perspective but it is important to consider the customer, business process and of course the learning and growth perspectives. In fact, one of key importance of the learning and growth perspective is that it is supposed to prepare the company’s manpower to handle the new business processes that may result from the new, technologically advanced machines and equipments. II. Main Body Strategic Human Resource Management: The Demand The technical revolution has also brought in a new breed of workers that has been called the knowledge workers. These has brood has drastically changed the way things are done wherein even office hours and barriers have also been technically demolished. These knowledge workers are a lso not easy to retain. The problem is, when they leave, their contribution goes away with them. However, to succeed or maintain competitive advantages, companies are recognising the importance of these knowledge workers to ensure the success of their strategies (Serrat 2008; ADB 2010). Hence, management of human resources has been catapulted to assume a more proactive role in the inception of company strategies. Financial and marketing strategies will always be considered in the company’s strategic plans as well as that of the operations. However, the end of the industrial age and the beginning of the information age demands that human resources step up to ensure that whatever strategies the firm may propose across the functional areas, these will be properly implemented to ensure organizational success. Likewise, there is the challenge of different cultures brought about by globalization. As such, companies must be able to make human resources truly strategic to adapt to th e demands of the business reality being faced by companies worldwide. Globalization: A growing Strategic HR concern Globalization has also been a big part as companies outsourced most of their operations, not to states but on the other parts of the globe. This is also a good thing though since the worldwide operation of businesses has weeded out low performing firms giving way to a more competitive business environment (Khatri & Nanyang 2000). These are very good for the customers since competition increases the quality of products and services that they receive. This has jacked up costs for the companies though as they push themselves to become better and avoid being boxed out not only by domestic but foreign competitors as well. This is the reality that must be faced by any company operating globally. Usually, companies open up operations mostly plant facilities to save on logistics by being closer to their customers. However, the companies are also increasing their back office op erations outside their country’s borders. This has proven to be a very important strategy since the outsourcing move has dramatically driven down manpower costs for most companies. The problem is that these personnel from different countries come with different cultures and to succeed, it is important that companies be made aware that these employees are not just a simple static part of their production

How Race Specific Regiments in WWII Influenced Modern Day U.S Research Paper

How Race Specific Regiments in WWII Influenced Modern Day U.S. Military - Research Paper Example The presence of racial segregation in the United States armed forces depicted the widespread segregation mostly in the Black-American south. They were banned from visiting white dominated regions and had to attend inferior schools. Attempts to fight for their rights was met by terrorism and lynching such as the Ku Klux Klan. Nevertheless, the outbreak of the Second World War and deficiency of manpower led to enrollment of other races in the army such as the Africans, Mexicans, and Japanese. Their contribution and the success of wars led to recognition and desegregation by other leaders and American citizens. To evaluate the contribution of these individuals in the Army, this paper will analyze the Navajo code talkers, Buffalo soldiers, and the 442nd Japanese unit regiment. Buffalo Soldiers Most of the United State history centers on The Gold Rush, Gunfights, Indians, and Cowboys. However, the contribution of the black in the West expansion was of little knowledge. This is based on th e fact that enslavement and racism was at a higher rate despite the insinuation that it was a Free State. In regards to this perception, enslavement was more of a mental than physical aspect (Fioner, 1965). The Black Americans contribution was realized in several areas of U.S development such as commerce, wars and in the ranches. Unlike the prevailing misconception that the present Americans achievement is founded on the accomplishments of the Caucasians, Blacks had immense contribution than the natives. The misconception is based on imprisonment of the blacks and the little efforts they made were met with less credit (Katz, 1967). In America, Blacks were thought to be inferior thus hindering their advances if they could have been given a chance. Despite the presence of many obstacles, Blacks were able to struggle in aiding the America west expansion. The wars offered the Blacks with an opportunity to explore America and make their way out from the South and at large to break the so cial situation of racism. Though United States approved Blacks enlisting in the war, they were not protected from the Indians since they were placed in the war fronts (Fioner, 1965). As a result, Blacks’ residents and forts were abandoned. Racism was at its highest order since the Easterners and Southern U.S population despised the presence of Negro soldiers in their community or their neighborhood. Similarly, Blacks were excluded from general employment prospects. Therefore, the enrollment in the military was welcomed since they were sure of pension, shelter, medical attention, steady pay, and education once recruited in the forces. Though initial recruitment was dedicated to filling quotas regardless of the recruits’ soldiering skills and capability, constant replacements at the place of work called for recruitment of enlightened and educated Blacks. Black soldiers in the U.S war against Indians, fought with the zeal to win and devoted their lives in wars in regard t o their own personal believes. They perceived to gain equality and respect they had suffered under slavery. Nevertheless, United States development that was based on enslavement could not grant this component of freedom through devotion to war. Life and death struggles characterized the Blacks’ efforts in the hostile environments that they were constantly relocated. Their loyalty to United States

Te Tiriti o Waitangi and its application in social services

Te Tiriti o Waitangi and its application in social services Explanation of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and its application in social services Te Tiriti o Waitangi can be used in the social services through the application of four principle of the treaty, which are Partnership, Protection, Participation, and Permission. Partnership – in this principle the social service providers ensure that all the services they provide are bi-cultural in perspective. Also, the social service organizations ensure that the needs of Maori clients are taken into consider in terms of interaction with them and creation of policy that may affect Maori. For instance, before engaging with a Maori client, the social worker should build rapport and trust through effective and therapeutic communication. The social worker must provide consultation to the Whanau of the client then include them in the decision making of the client. Protection – in this principle the social service organization needs to respect the rights of every Maori client to enjoy their treasured resources. Maori clients have the right to make their own choices with regard to their cultural traditions and customary practices. Their rights should be acknowledge in order to protect them all the time. For instance, Maori clients are ensured that they are safe at all times like in consultation. They are given the freedom to speak Te Reo Maori. Participation – in this principle, Maori clients are ensured to participate at all times. They should be consulted with regard to the important matters that can impact their well being and life. For instance, the social service providers must ensure that they have consulted the whanau of the client before implementing any plan for the client. Permission – Maori client should be asked for their permission if they wanted to speak Te Reo Maori and if they wanted to participate in any Maori spiritual and cultural practices. For instance, the social service providers must ask permission if the Maori clients and their whanu would like to practice their culture like karakia, kai, powhiri and mihi when organizing a whanau hui. TASK 2 TASK 3 TASK 4 TASK 5 Application of social service theory Te Tiriti o Waitangi The social service provider committed, observed and practiced their services with regard to the four principles namely Partnership, Protection, Permission and Participation. These principles helped me build a strong relationship while working together with a Maori client, empowering and protecting Maori Tinorangatiratanga. For instance, social worker must observe and consider cultural practices, values, and beliefs of a Maori client and his Whanau when conducting whanau hui. The rights of Maori client must be observed and respected in terms of the services available and decision-making process to encourage autonomy of every Maori client. Social work service Users Clients were given the essential information with regard to their rights as a client thus, equality, fairness and quality services can be provided. This can build trust and rapport to clients in which I and the social worker established to have with the client and whanau. For instance, social service provider ensures that the rights of the client and his whanau are being acknowledged and practiced during the whanau hui. In addition, the gathered information about the client and his whanau must be treated as confidential and safe through documentation and avoiding open disclosure to other personnel not involved in the case. Social work ethics This serves as a guidelines and principles for social work practice to act and to work professionally and ethically to client and his whanau. This ensures boundaries and accountability of the social worker to every clients and whanau involved. For instance, social worker is well equipped and knowledgeable about ones role whenever rendering services to client and whanau. Social worker is aware of the responsibilities and obligations in the social work practice. In addition, social worker must maintain veracity and honesty to all clients and whanau in order to deliver safe social work practice. Reference: Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social workers: Social Work Practice. (2012). Backgorund of the Code of Ethics. Retrieved from http://anzasw.org.nz/social_work_practice/topics/show/157-background-of-the-code-of-ethics Hayward, J. (n.d.). Appendix: The principles of The Treaty of Waitangi. Retrieved from http://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/waitangi-tribunal/treaty-of-waitangi/tribunals/waitangi-tribunal/documents/public/treaty-principles-appendix-99 Te Ara. (2013). Story: Kaumatua – Maori elders and their role. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/kaumatua-maori-elders/page-1 Te Ara. (2013). Story: Maori feasts and ceremonial eating – hakari. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-feasts-and-ceremonial-eating-hakari

Audit Engagement Essay examples -- essays research papers

Subject: Assessment of Exton Industries, Inc. Dear Ms. Johnson:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have recently reviewed the Control Environment Questionnaire for Exton Industries, Inc. After evaluating the evidence collected by our staff member, I have come up with an assessment of the fraud risks. From the evidence gathered, I have concluded that Exton Industries has a weak control environment. Overall, it will not do an effective job of preventing fraudulent activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While evaluating Exton Industries, I had to consider how the control environment would prevent misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The controller, CFO, and CEO review all financial reports before releasing them. Another area to consider was the assignment of authority and responsibility. Because three different people review the financial reports, it’s easier to identify any mistakes that may have been made which in turn reduces the chances of misappropriation in fraudulent reporting. Through conversation with employees it was noted that proper responsibility and delegation of authority were assigned and the proper information appeared to be considered in developing responsibilities. Written job descriptions and standards also exist. Since proper responsibility and delegation of authority and written job descriptions and standards exist the, the chances of fraudulent activities are reduced. Other issues to consider were management’s commitment to competence and human resource policies and procedures. During the hiring process, management makes sure the potential employee possesses the proper knowledge and skills to carry out the job adequately. Upon hiring, the new employee is made aware of his or her responsibilities and management’s expectations of them. In addition supervisors conduct annual reviews. The company’s previous success also shows that employees have the required skills and knowledge. Discussions with employees indicated that they are made aware of the consequences if they perform ineffectively and/or do not fulfill their responsibilities. Exton Industries has effective controls in their commitment to competence and human resource department’s hiring and review process. Overall, the control environment of the board of directors and audit committee will p... ...ast year several employees have left on short notice and there has been difficulty in retaining key personnel. The new management team is probably worried about getting profits up and by using an aggressive approach there may be more errors because financial statements may not checked as thoroughly. The cause of the high turnover rate should be investigated, employees may be leaving because others are committing fraudulent behavior and they do not want to get involved. Management may be encouraging this or may not see it because they are too worried about making the company look profitable. Lastly, there were failures to protect valuable assets, which could lead to misappropriation of assets. In conclusion, I found that Exton Industries has some internal controls that will prevent fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets however, they are lacking effective internal controls as well. As a result of Exton Industries having weak internal controls, control risk is increased and the audit team will need to choose higher control risk strategies. If controls in the areas lacking are not improved the control environment will fail to protect future fraudulent acts.

PRICE RANGE OF PRODUCTS

PRICE RANGE OF PRODUCTS Above is the price range of all Apple products between the years of 1975 to present. Steve Jobs manufactured products that were not just far advanced than other products in the same category, but they were also out of reach for most consumers. When Apple Computer launch its Apple II in 1977, it cost $1,298 and if you wanted a more powerful version it would cost you a twice that amount. In 1984, Apple Computer released the Macintosh at a price of $2,495. At these prices many consumers could not afford to own a Macintosh.Upon Steve Jobs return to Apple Computer in 1984, Apple products price drop allowing most price conscious consumers to own a Macintosh. The new iMac carry a price of $1,300 which would cost $1800 in today’s current dollar value. As technology advance, the price of Apple Computer products continued to decline. Since 1996, Apple had released the MacBook Air for $900 and MacMini for $600. (Felix Salmon, 2011) Apple now offers products in add ition to Macintosh products. These products have been very profitable for Apple Computer.The products below are sold on Apple store online: Computer technology has enable manufacturers to build cheaper, higher-quality and more powerful computers that are also more accessible and affordable to the average consumer. For example, the iPad 2 has been compared to the 1980’s Cray supercomputer, but at a price that millions of people can afford. Steve Jobs realized that technology had advance to a point that he could now make products that could not just deliver high quality but also be â€Å"price accessible to the broad non-geek middle classes.He could not make his â€Å"NeXT workstation which was value at $6500 in 1990, or $11,267 in 2011 â€Å"which was placed on many workstations across the world† at price that many not only be affordable but hard for competitors to match. For example, the iPad 2 price is $499 and the IPhone 4s is price at $199, both sold at competitiv e price that is hard to competitors to match and within the price range of most consumers. (Felix Salmon, 2011) PRICING OBJECTIVE S OF BRANDAccording to Steve Jobs, â€Å"Apple is breaking the rules in terms of its pricing model,† he told Reuters by telephone. â€Å"It's doing what luxury brands do, where the higher price the brand is, the more it seems to underpin and reinforce the desire. † â€Å"Obviously, it has to be allied to great products and a great experience, and Apple has nurtured that. † (David Cowell, 2012) After all Apple is a luxury brand that demand a premium price and Apple customers do are not looking to save money but to get the highest quality product in the market.This adds up to three main factors that help Apple keep the iPad and other Apple products price so low: 1. Apple stores – Apple makes a large chunk of its iPad sales directly to its customers through the Apple retail stores and the online Apple store, which enables the comp any to keep even more of the profits. While running retail stores are expensive, Apple runs one of the most profitable retail businesses in the US and these direct sales give Apple the ability to directly follow up with customers to entice them with future upgrades. 2.Supply chain – As others have explained, Apple has a major supply chain management advantage. That means that it controls the components that go into its product (and the price it pays for them) better than its rivals do. Apple makes the software, designs the chips, and buys flash memory and LCD displays in huge quantities (in combination with iPhones and iPods). That significantly whittles down the raw cost of each iPad. 3. The 3% factor – Apple sells the iPad to retail partners at a minimal 3% discount (which is likely much lower than competitors).Because of the strength of Apple’s brand and the customer demand of the iPad, retailers are willing to take very little profit on iPad sales in order t o drive store traffic and make money on add-on purchases like accessories and extended warranties. (Jason Hiner, 2011) Apple has been so successful by opening their own stores which has made a huge impact for iPad, when iPad2 was released CEO Steve Jobs said: â€Å"One of the things that enabled us to roll out this technology so fast was our Apple retail stores. They were built for moments like this.They were built to take new technology and roll it out and educate customers about it and be there when they have questions and issues. We have hundreds of Apple stores now, as you know. This is one of our newest ones in Chicago [pointing to a slide]. And, without these stores I don’t think we would have been as successful either. † [ (Jason Hiner, 2011) ] Alternatives tablets from other competitors have not be able to compete with Apple iPad and have had to cut their prices to retailer. Apple has taken notice and has taken advantage of its pricing strategy and has lowered the iPad price to its retailer.Motorola and Samsung may sell their tablets at 97% at retail price but if the product is not as desirable as the iPad the 97% may not make any difference. The margins are more like 5-15% off retail price for competitors. [ (Jason Hiner, 2011) ] DISCOUNT/ALLOWANCES Apple is not currently offering any discount for the iPad but has in the past offer student discounts. For example, it has offered students a discount of $200 for MacBooks. In 2011, Apple also offered a back to school promotion in which students could save about $229 and get a â€Å"free iPOd Touch 8GB with the purchase. (Andrew, 2010) ] Apple student pricing for iPad is $499, just like regular buyers GEOGRAPHICAL PRICING In May 28th 2010, Apple broaden their market to outside of the United States by offering iPad’s to nine other countries which included Canada, Germany, Australia, France, Japan Italy, Switzerland, Spain and United Kingdom. Pricing for these countries were â€Å"the suggested retail price in UK has been confirmed and for WiFi-only model – the 16GB version will be available at ? 429, 32GB version for ? 499, 64GB version for ? 599, while for the WiFi + 3G 16GB model will be available at ? 29, 32GB version for ? 599 and 64GB version for ? 699. † Apple will continue to add more countries by July 2010 by adding Austria, Belgium, Hong Kong, Ireland, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand and Singapore to the mix. The price of the iPad was not disclosed but it’s was suggested that pricing for iPad would be slightly higher than the United States pricing. Apple is also trying to expand into the Asian market where tablet are being sold much cheaper than the Apple IPAD. (Wong, 2010) APPLE PROMOTIONAL PRICINGApple continues to offer back to school promotions in 2011, Apple offered free $100 iTunes gift certificate with a purchase of Mac computers. Apple offers are not as generous as most consumers would like them too be but itâ₠¬â„¢s better than nothing at all. Apple offers discounts for MacBooks desktops and laptop every year for students. Apple has created a special Education store link on Apple online which shows current offers and discounts that can range between 8 and 10% of the regular price for MacBooks. [ (Andrew, 2011) ] Works Cited Andrew. (2010, April 23). Is there an Apple Ipad Student discount.Retrieved from Student buying guide: http://www. studentbuyingguide. com/2010/04/apple-ipad-student-discount/ Andrew. (2011, September 16). Last Weekend for Apple Back to School 2011 $100 Gift Card Promotion. Retrieved from Student Buying Guide: http://www. studentbuyingguide. com/2011/09/last-weekend-for-apple-back-to-school-2011-100-gift-card-promotion/ David Cowell. (2012, April 17). Apple Passes Google To Become World's Most Valuable Brand. Retrieved from Huffing Post Business: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2011/05/09/apple-google-most-valuable-brand_n_859265. html Felix Salmon. (2011, June 06).Reu ters. Retrieved from Reuters. com: http://blogs. reuters. com/felix-salmon/2011/10/06/chart-of-the-day-apple-price-edition/ Jason Hiner. (2011, March 11). The iPad's other big advantage: Retailers only get 3% off. Retrieved from Tech Republic: http://www. techrepublic. com/blog/hiner/the-ipads-other-big-advantage-retailers-only-get-3-off/7880? tag=content;siu-container Wong, S. (2010, May 8). Apple's iPad International Pricing and Availability on May 28th. Retrieved from My Digital Life: http://www. mydigitallife. info/apples-ipad-international-pricing-and-availability-on-may-28th/

Compare & Contrast – a Daughter Leaving Home

Compare & Contrast Essay The poem, â€Å"To a Daughter Leaving Home†, by Linda Pastan, depicts the scene of a mother teaching her little girl to ride a bike at the age of eight and watching her master it. Yvor Winter’s â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport† is about a father reminiscing about the memory of his daughter growing up and leaving him at the airport. Both these poems speak of the much dreaded time in a parent’s life where their daughter’s grow up and leave their homes. Although the poems appear to be similar because they address the same theme, they differ in form, tone, and imagery.The poems are different in form. In â€Å"To a Daughter Leaving Home†, Linda Pastan uses open form, with no identifiable rhyme pattern or meter. Maybe there’s no identifiable pattern because these are just the mother’s random thoughts. On the other hand â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport†, Yvor Winters uses a closed form that is very d istinctive. There are five stanzas and each stanza has five lines. All the lines rhyme; three have one rhyming ending and the other two also have a rhyming ending.For example: â€Å"This is the terminal: the light/Gives perfect vision, false and hard;/The metal glitters, deep and bright. /Great planes are waiting in the yard-/They are already in the night†. Light, bright and night rhyme, as well as hard and yard. Maybe the author chose the closed form because of its structure, controlled and intact, just like he wanted to keep feelings. The tone of â€Å"To a Daughter Leaving Home† differs from the tone in â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport†. The tone of â€Å"To A Daughter Leaving Home† is one of sadness, anxiety and nostalgia.Pastan’s poem is of a mother fondly remembering an earlier time when her daughter took a briefer departure from her, when she was taught to ride her bike at eight years old. The mother wasn’t quite ready to let the da ughter go, as was suggested when she said, â€Å"I kept waiting for the thud of your crash as I sprinted to catch up, while you grew smaller, more breakable in the distance†. This tells us she was anxious even then about her daughter growing up and being able to do things on her own. In contrast, the tone in â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport† is very gloomy, less emotional, but still nervous and scared.The father still looks at his daughter as his little girl even though he knows she isn’t and that this is the right time to let her go. He refers to her as â€Å"small, contained and fragile†. The lines: â€Å"But you and I in part are one: The frightened brain, the nervous will, the knowledge of what must be done,† demonstrates that they are both having similar thoughts and feelings but they are willing to accept this challenge. Though the father is trying to be strong, he confessed that he was momentarily devastated when he said â€Å"the rain of matter upon sense destroys me momentarily†.The imagery of â€Å"To A Daughter Leaving Home† also differs from the imagery of â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport†. All the images in â€Å"To a Daughter leaving Home† help us to see how the mother is feeling during this time, even though this poem is of an earlier time, foreshadowing what is to come in later years. As her daughter â€Å"wobbled away† on her bike, the mother ran right beside her, telling us the kind of mother she was, very supportive. She waited â€Å"for the thud† and â€Å"sprinted to catch up† to her daughter. She wanted to always be there to protect her daughter, even as she’s all grown up.Her daughter growing â€Å"smaller, more breakable† is her moving further and further away from her mother, getting older, more mature and able to take care of herself, eventually moving out and on with her life as an adult. On the other hand, the images in â€Å"At th e San Francisco Airport† didn’t show the father as anxious, just reluctant and apprehensive. The father mentioning the â€Å"terminal† means he looks at the airport terminal as a turning point in their lives, a place where he breaks off from his daughter, staying behind as she moves on with her life.He references planes that â€Å"are already in the night†, telling the reader that they are either taking off or already in the air, further emphasizing her leaving him behind. These images reinforce his â€Å"frightened brain† and â€Å"nervous will† even though he knows this â€Å"must be done†. Though both poems speak about their daughters leaving home, the mother speaks in the past, as if her daughter is still a little girl, but the father acknowledges that though he still views her as a â€Å"small†¦fragile† girl and this â€Å"destroys† him, â€Å"there comes what will come†.On the surface, the works of Linda Pastan and Yvor Winters can be interpreted as similar poems about parents losing their daughters to adulthood. When contrasting the poems, the reader comes to a much different understanding. â€Å"To a Daughter Leaving Home† presents an open form and tone that uses specific images and tone to present this mother’s sadness and anxiety towards the situation. Winters’ â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport† is a closed form poem that uses images and tone to convey the attempt of this father to keep his composure as he sees his daughter off to live her life and become an adult. Compare & Contrast – a Daughter Leaving Home Compare & Contrast Essay The poem, â€Å"To a Daughter Leaving Home†, by Linda Pastan, depicts the scene of a mother teaching her little girl to ride a bike at the age of eight and watching her master it. Yvor Winter’s â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport† is about a father reminiscing about the memory of his daughter growing up and leaving him at the airport. Both these poems speak of the much dreaded time in a parent’s life where their daughter’s grow up and leave their homes. Although the poems appear to be similar because they address the same theme, they differ in form, tone, and imagery.The poems are different in form. In â€Å"To a Daughter Leaving Home†, Linda Pastan uses open form, with no identifiable rhyme pattern or meter. Maybe there’s no identifiable pattern because these are just the mother’s random thoughts. On the other hand â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport†, Yvor Winters uses a closed form that is very d istinctive. There are five stanzas and each stanza has five lines. All the lines rhyme; three have one rhyming ending and the other two also have a rhyming ending.For example: â€Å"This is the terminal: the light/Gives perfect vision, false and hard;/The metal glitters, deep and bright. /Great planes are waiting in the yard-/They are already in the night†. Light, bright and night rhyme, as well as hard and yard. Maybe the author chose the closed form because of its structure, controlled and intact, just like he wanted to keep feelings. The tone of â€Å"To a Daughter Leaving Home† differs from the tone in â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport†. The tone of â€Å"To A Daughter Leaving Home† is one of sadness, anxiety and nostalgia.Pastan’s poem is of a mother fondly remembering an earlier time when her daughter took a briefer departure from her, when she was taught to ride her bike at eight years old. The mother wasn’t quite ready to let the da ughter go, as was suggested when she said, â€Å"I kept waiting for the thud of your crash as I sprinted to catch up, while you grew smaller, more breakable in the distance†. This tells us she was anxious even then about her daughter growing up and being able to do things on her own. In contrast, the tone in â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport† is very gloomy, less emotional, but still nervous and scared.The father still looks at his daughter as his little girl even though he knows she isn’t and that this is the right time to let her go. He refers to her as â€Å"small, contained and fragile†. The lines: â€Å"But you and I in part are one: The frightened brain, the nervous will, the knowledge of what must be done,† demonstrates that they are both having similar thoughts and feelings but they are willing to accept this challenge. Though the father is trying to be strong, he confessed that he was momentarily devastated when he said â€Å"the rain of matter upon sense destroys me momentarily†.The imagery of â€Å"To A Daughter Leaving Home† also differs from the imagery of â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport†. All the images in â€Å"To a Daughter leaving Home† help us to see how the mother is feeling during this time, even though this poem is of an earlier time, foreshadowing what is to come in later years. As her daughter â€Å"wobbled away† on her bike, the mother ran right beside her, telling us the kind of mother she was, very supportive. She waited â€Å"for the thud† and â€Å"sprinted to catch up† to her daughter. She wanted to always be there to protect her daughter, even as she’s all grown up.Her daughter growing â€Å"smaller, more breakable† is her moving further and further away from her mother, getting older, more mature and able to take care of herself, eventually moving out and on with her life as an adult. On the other hand, the images in â€Å"At th e San Francisco Airport† didn’t show the father as anxious, just reluctant and apprehensive. The father mentioning the â€Å"terminal† means he looks at the airport terminal as a turning point in their lives, a place where he breaks off from his daughter, staying behind as she moves on with her life.He references planes that â€Å"are already in the night†, telling the reader that they are either taking off or already in the air, further emphasizing her leaving him behind. These images reinforce his â€Å"frightened brain† and â€Å"nervous will† even though he knows this â€Å"must be done†. Though both poems speak about their daughters leaving home, the mother speaks in the past, as if her daughter is still a little girl, but the father acknowledges that though he still views her as a â€Å"small†¦fragile† girl and this â€Å"destroys† him, â€Å"there comes what will come†.On the surface, the works of Linda Pastan and Yvor Winters can be interpreted as similar poems about parents losing their daughters to adulthood. When contrasting the poems, the reader comes to a much different understanding. â€Å"To a Daughter Leaving Home† presents an open form and tone that uses specific images and tone to present this mother’s sadness and anxiety towards the situation. Winters’ â€Å"At the San Francisco Airport† is a closed form poem that uses images and tone to convey the attempt of this father to keep his composure as he sees his daughter off to live her life and become an adult.

Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essays

Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essays Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essay Compare and Contrast Two Approaches to Counselling Essay Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organised set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, emotions, motivations, and behaviours in various situations. It refers to the patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours consistently exhibited by an individual over time that strongly influence our expectations, self-perceptions, values and attitudes, and predicts our reactions to people, problems and stress. The study of personality therefore has a broad and varied history in psychology, with an abundance of theoretical traditions. Humanistic and Psychoanalytical theory can be seen as two main dispositional perspectives derived through the field of Psychology. Psychoanalytic theory explains human behaviour in terms of the interaction of various components of personality for example the id, ego, and super-ego and believes that personality is based on the dynamic interactions of these three components. In contrast to humanistic psychology it is emphasised that people have free will and that they play an active role in determining how they behave. Accordingly, humanistic theory focuses on subjective experiences of a person as opposed to forced, definitive factors that determine behaviour. With this fundamental difference in mind this essay will therefore compare and contrast psychoanalytical and humanistic traditions in terms of their application to counselling and psychotherapy, looking categorically at the shifts and changes within both traditions and therefore how both are used within today’s society. Psychoanalytic theory was an extremely influential force during the first half of the twentieth century. It focused on understanding of the unconscious motivations that drive behaviour. Psychoanalytic theory originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. Through his clinical work with patients suffering from mental illness (Freud and Breuer 1955 [1893-5]) Freud came to believe that childhood experiences and unconscious desires influenced behaviour. Based on his observations, he developed a theory that described development in terms of a series of psychosexual stages. According to Freud, conflicts that occur during each of these stages can have a lifelong influence on personality and behaviour and through free associations, dreams or fantasies; clients can learn how to interpret deeply buried unconscious memories or experiences that may be causing them distress. (Freud, 1924d) He believed that neurosis stemmed from early sexual traumas and therefore his ‘hysterical’ female patients had been subjected to pre-pubescent ‘seduction’- that is, in most cases, sexual abuse by the father, reprocessed memories of such assaults later surfaced, he concluded, in otherwise baffling hysterical symptoms. Freud spent a number of years developing this theory until 1896 when he finally went public with his findings. The next year however he confessed ‘I no longer believe in my ‘neurotica’- the seduction theory. By then Freud, deep in richly autobiographical dreams and self analysis, had convinced himself that his patients’ seduction stories were fantasies, originating not in the perverse deeds of the adults but in the erotic wishes of infants. The collapse of the seduction theory therefore brought about the idea of infantile sexuality and without the abandonment of the seduction theory, psychoanalysis as a theoretical stru cture built upon unconscious desires and there repossessions would not exist today. However to explain this decisive switch remains hotly contested in the world of counselling and psychotherapy. Orthodox Freudians, notable Freud’s disciple and biographer Ernest Jones, have cast it as the ‘Eureka-moment’ in which he saw the light. Some critics allege, by contrast, a loss of nerve, and hold that it was the abandonment of the seduction theory that was his error, perhaps even a ‘betrayal’ both of psycho-sexual truth and of his patients. If they had indeed been sexually abused, their stories were now discounted, as were those of future patients on the couch. However I personally believe the Freud’s seduction theory has a lot to account for, as there are many trauma related psychosis found in today’s society that are primarily related to rape and sexual abuse (Gerald, 1998). As already mentioned Freud’s work was both controversial and inspiring to many therefore his followers and competitors went on to expand upon his ideas to develop theories of their own. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson (also a psychoanalyst) believed that personality develops in a series of stages but with dissimilarity to Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. Eriksons eight-stage theory of psychosocial development describes growth and change, focusing on social interaction and conflicts that arise during different stages of development and therefore was greatly influential to the humanistic movement (Erikson, 1997). Thus there are many threads and interconnection within these formulations of psychoanalytic thinking also known as Neo- Freudianism, which credit its roots in the work of Otto Rank and Karen Horne. It is their research amongst others that can now be categorised into three main modality of humanistic therapy; Gestalt, Transactional Analysis and Person Centred Theory. Humanistic therapy therefore began as a reaction to psychoanalytical theory and derives from ‘humanistic psychology’ a term which originally flagged up a concern about dehumanisation within the therapeutic relationship. The approach therefore claimed to be more humane, warmer and relational then psychoanalytical traditions. It was coined the ‘third wave’ movement (Maslow, 1962) and many humanistic pioneers believed that they were forming a revolutionary movement which overturned the orthodoxies of the past which dominated psychology at the time. It appeared in the USA in 1940s and 1950s becoming more defined at the Old Saybrook Conference of 1964 (Bugental, 1965) where many of the best know figures came together. They agreed that topics such as self-actualization, creativity and individuality were the central theme of this new approach and in 1961, the American Association for Humanistic Psychology was officially established. Humanist thinkers felt that psychoanalysis was preoccupied with psychology as a form of science, failing to take into consideration the role of personal choice. Alternatively, movements and waves could be seen as cultural and artistic and there is a strong link between humanistic therapy and creative expression. It was instead focused on each individuals potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. Therefore the fundamental belief of humanistic theory is that people are innately good and that psychological problems result from deviations from this natural tendency (Maslow, 1943).

Environmental Regulations in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Regulations in the USA - Essay Example Conservation and management of resource laws deals with a single resource like natural resources for example forests, animal species and intangible resources like archeological sites. Environmental regulations are influenced by principles of environmentalism including sustainability, conservation, ecology, stewardship, and responsibility. Environmental regulations are mainly aimed at protecting and preserving human health and natural environment (Pizer 123). Resource conservation and management laws try to balance the benefits of exploitation of economic resources as well as their preservation. The law aims at preventing externalities, in the present and in future, and conservation of public resources from individual exploitation. The expenses and limitations of such laws on commerce and non-money benefits of protecting the environment have generated and is still attracting a lot of controversy. This has led to the inception of the following acts: Environmental Policy and Planning: National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969; Environmental Quality Improvement Act (EQIA) of April 3rd, 1970; Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992 (FFCA). Environmental Policy and Planning: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 is an environmental law in United States that promotes environmental enhancement. The law led to the formation of the environmental quality presidents’ council. The most significant function of NEPA of 1969 was to set up procedures that had to be a requirement for all agencies of federal government, preparation of environmental assessments and statements of environmental impact. These requirements are applied by all federal agencies in the executive branch og government. However, it does not apply to the congress, president or federal courts. Â  

Compare Emilia and Desdemona Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Compare Emilia and Desdemona - Essay Example Her speech here with lines like ,"So much I challenge that I may profess/ Due to the Moor my lord"(I, iii, 191-192) makes her appear to be an articulate woman who knows her own mind, a woman who has eloped with a racially disparate man, and is able to defend her choice with sagacity and courage. Desdemona's resolute profession of her love shows us the practical nature and the intensity of her affections: "My downright violence and storm of fortunes/May trumpet to the world: my heart's subdued/ Even to the very quality of my lord:/I saw Othello's visage in his mind,/And to his honor and his valiant parts/ Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate". ( I, iii, 254- 59)She is a woman in love, who is ready to go to strange parts in order to be with her husband, and is also a woman much loved, as we see when she is reunited with her husband at Cyprus. "Desdemona was a stranger, not just different in class from Emilia, different in species. Emilia watched her from a cautious distance, the impulsive girl whose giddy love, written on her incandescent face, demonstrated that she had nothing in common with her".(Rutter, 2001) Emilia's marriage is of long standing and she has seen the world with all its realities. Her husband does not lose a moment in putting her down in company, and does so viciously and with a barely concealed venom, slandering not just her but her entire kind: "Come on, come on; you are pictures out of doors,/Bells in your parlors, wild-cats in your kitchens,/Saints in your injuries, devils being offended, Players in your housewifery, and housewives' in your beds". ( II, i, 113-117)We know from the very beginning that though loyal to her husband, she is living a loveless marriage. And beyond a few one-line dialogs, she indeed has no speech in the first scenes after her appearance. Having left her father's home and the confines of Venetian society for the first time, Desdemona is in a relaxed frame of mind. Somewhat guileless, her circumstances of living with her married love have made her cheerful, bantering, tolerant , as is evident from her good-humored response even to Iago's lack of taste in his very first conversation with her. She mislays her handkerchief, and lovingly nags her husband on Cassio's case by playing the shrew, fully assured of her power over Othello and her ability to make him do her bidding. She feels it her part to play the nagging wife and present it as a 'boon' to the husband: Her performance exploits and collapses the two male fantasies that most define early modern wives: the one, negative, of the shrew, and the other, the ideal of the submissive subordinate. Lest we believe the stereotypes and think Desdemona truly shrewish, she announces that she will play the shrew.....In merging the postures of good wife and shrew, Desdemona indirectly challenges the presumption of their difference enforced in marriage handbooks, homilies, church courts, misogynist pamphlets, and the like. Her performance highlights what that discourse masks: that to be a shrew is, in fact, to follow the rules, to be obediently disobedient, to fill a role created by (male) authorities who needed shrews in order to contain, by criminalizing, female speech. Conversely, Desdemona also places outspokenness within the perimeters of appropriate wifely

Analysis on the medieval play Noah's Flood Research Paper

Analysis on the medieval play Noah's Flood - Research Paper Example Her character is belittled in the play as a woman who lacks wisdom, foresight and who is not submissive to her husband. Her reaction suggests that she likes gossiping with her friends and actually seems to prefer to stay on with them as opposed to going into the ark with Noah. According to her, her friends are the people who truly love her and care for her and she believes she is the only one that can ensure those friends are saved (Page 314: 200-8). In the case of Noah’s wife, the hierarchical trends in society are bucked to the extent that Noah appears to be a henpecked man who submits to the will of his wife; hence it is his wife who appears to have authority in their household. For example, despite her resistance to going into the ark, Noah is concerned about her and asks his sons to bring her on (www.lib.rochester.edu). He says: â€Å"Welcome wife, into the boat† (Page 315:245) but Noah’s wife’s reaction is to give him a sharp slap, with the response, â€Å"Have thou that for thy note!† (Page 315:246). Noah does not retaliate as another man would have done, to put his wife in her place with sharp, belittling words or physical violence. He winces at the slap he receives and says, â€Å"Aha Mary, this is hot!† (Page 315:247), but merely continues â€Å"It is good to be still.† (Page 315:248). The play about Noah’s Flood is very important in the religious context, because it sets out various themes that are later also replicated in the Bible. The inclusion and depiction of the character of Noah’s wife is significant, especially when compared to Adam and Eve. Noah appears to be like Adam – a godly man with a rebellious wife. Noah’s wife’s resistance to going into the ark appears to symbolize the sin of mankind (www.geocities.com). In a similar manner to Noah’s wife refusing to go into the ark, man also refuses to turn

The Moment in the Quiet Little Park Essay Example for Free

The Moment in the Quiet Little Park Essay Mr. Emerson Outdoor Descriptive Essay The moment in the quiet little park As I placed my heavy backpack on the old bench, I feel tiredness coming up to me, as well as the sadness, because I have to spend in the park for an hour just to write some descriptive essay. So I grabbed my pencil and notebook and started to look around, the park was lonely. The sunset was not spectacular that day. The vivid ruby and tangerine streaks that often caressed the blue brow of the sky were sleeping, There are some days when the sunlight seems to dance, to weave and frolic with tongues of fire between the blades of grass. he yellow light was sickly. It diffused softly through the gray curtains with a shrouded light that just failed to illuminate. High up in the treetops, the leaves swayed, but on the ground, the grass was silent, limp and unmoving. There was me, sitting on the bench, writing this essay. It was a quiet Tuesday late afternoon and not many people appears, I sat there alone on the ancient bench, the cold wind blew at me, and down to my spine. As I looked up In the sky, it is transformed into a colorful horizon; filled with endless streams of orange and red. The tree by my side soon gathered my interest, on the edge of the bench where I was sitting, the ancient tree sat hunched over, the gnarled, old king of a once vast domain that had long ago been turned to pasture. The great, gray knees gripped the hard Earth with a solidity of purpose that made it difficult to determine just where the tree began and the soil ended, so strong was the union of the ancient bark and grainy sustenance. Besides the ancient tree, there was an enormous baseball park; the grass is green as a precious jade. People with their pets’ plays joyfully on the grass, the enjoyment on their face are precious and reminds me the fairy tale books I use to read back in my childhood age, the quote â€Å" happily ever after â€Å"truly exist. Even I barely remember my childhood life, but after looking at toddlers walking around looking confused, that innocent little face has truly touched me. ‘Are we all like this back in our childhood’? The mysterious question suddenly appears in my head. As the sun has set and the sky has darkened like an evil spirit forcing spells to it, I stood up and walked into the sandpit that’s next to me, I can feel the soft smooth sand beneath my feet, and soon I’m taken in by the soothing atmosphere that encircles me. I close my eyes, letting myself absorb in the cool breeze on an up-coming autumn day. I am comforted by the sounds of the night wind; the rhythmic pounding of the blowing represses all of my worries. I look into the cloudless cerulean black sky and see the perfection of life. I often want to be like a bird, seemingly drifting endlessly in the wind without a care in the world. As I walked and sat on the playground swing, and now that I am relaxed, allowing myself to close my eyes and drift off for a peaceful swing, that moment was joyful. But however, that moment didn’t last long. I am soon awoken but the sounds of an owl; its big yellow eyes intimidate me, it looks like a furious predator, searching aggressively for its prey. I looked up to the sky again, searching for the wonders. I was surprised by the setting bright circular moon hangs in the sky, like a yellow balloon off in the distance, it was beautiful. The cold wind once again startled me, forcing me to leave. It was freezing as I reached into my pocket and checked my phone, the one and half has gone. So I reached my backup, plugged into my headphones, and ready to leave. I walked to the top of the front gate of the park. I was shocked by the view, the park seems to look ancient, but from the front gate view, it is beautiful. The light brightly shines on to the grass, and with the gently wind blow effect. The grass seems to be lively alive, and since I have a gentle music playing on my iPod, that moment was fantastic. It’s not only words that can describe this moment, because the scene I was looking has become way beyond its meaning. ss

Concepts of Concurrent Engineering (CE)

Concepts of Concurrent Engineering (CE) Abstract In order the manufacturers and the sectors of the construction is to move there is one way which is to adopt the philosophy of concurrent engineering (CE), better than using the masters of other companies in the provision chain. This assignment will outline and discusses the concepts of concurrent engineering (CE) and its philosophy and its relations with supply chains. 1) Introduction to concurrent engineering Concurrent engineering (CE) is a method that is used in the product development process. It is different than the traditional approach from the product development in which it uses simultaneous, something that sequential, processes. By finishing the tasks in paralelamente, the product development can be obtained more efficiently and in substantial saving in costs. In the traditional approach finishing all the physical manufacture of a prototype before realizing any test, but In the concurrent engineering it allows to design and multiple analyses to happen at the same time, and at different times, before the real unfolding. This multidisciplinary approach accentuates work in equipment with the use of cross-functional equipment, and allows so that the employees work in the end of collaboration in all the aspects of a project of the beginning. Also known like the iterative method of the development, concurrent engineering requires the continuous revision of the progress of equipment and the frequent revision of the plans of the project. The analysis reasoned behind this creative, modern approach is that whichever previous those errors can be shortages, easiest and less expensive they are to correct. The concurrent engineering professionals explain from their experience that this system of management and design offers several advantages, including the quality of the increasing product for the end user, faster times of the product development, and lower costs for the manufacturer and the consumer. There are some disadvantages associated to the putting in initial practice of concurrent engineering, including the necessity of the considerable reconstruction of organization and the extensive retraining of workers. Such potentially breaking changes and requisite aggregates of work can be fulfilled resistance of in charge and other employees. Also, there are generally considerable difficulties in data of transference between employees in diverse departments that can require additional pursuit of computer software applications. Besides these significant initial investments, the organizations whom they adopt a concurrent model of the work of engineering must typically wait for several years before considering the advantages of this transition. 2) History of Concurrent Engineering There are many alternative definitions are available for concurrent engineering, but this list is quite typical. The increasing of the role of manufacturing process on the design of process of product design, the formation of cross-functional equipment to obtain the development process, a concentration in on client during the development process, and the use of the implementation time as source of competitive advantage is all the part of the definition. All the products have a necessity to incorporate the restrictions imposed by the process of manufacture in the product design. Depending on the manufacture consideration for the process, these effects can be codified in formal or computerized rules, or can be transported with individual experience and expert work. Defining these concerns in the early design in the development process creates the opportunity to reduce manufacture costs and to improve quality of the product. The method to obtain the integration of the design with other functions is often with the use of cross-functional teams. These teams can include to people with masters in the excellent production, commercialization, finances, service or other areas, this depends on the type of product. Another important functional barrier is the separation between the engineering designer and the client. Under same philosophy to eliminate the barrier of the design-manufacture, the designer can make more responsive to desires of the client and such way create a success product more and this is known like integration of the design-commercialization. The implementation time has demonstrated to be a significant facet of the modern competition. By Diminishing the time of obtaining the product the company/signature can respond to the tendencies of the market or to the new built-in technologies quickly. Decreasing the implementation time creates an advantage of the market for those companies that can produce products quickly. All these ideas are the fundamental of the concurrent engineering and it have been discussed in Literature during many years before the appearance of the concurrent movement of engineering. The product designs have existed for while the production in mass has existed. At the beginning, a division of work of the intellectual appeared by whom the designer was responsible to present/display the design and the manufacturer was responsible to make the product real. Due to this division there is the opportunity so that the designer of the product works in the ignorance of manufacturer constraints. And then the designer became blamed by throwing the design over the wall which separates design of the manufacture and this design that is thrown on the proverbial wall is generally difficult and expensive to produce, and it does not adjust necessarily to desires of the market. This functional separation and its resulting injurious effect on the resulting product design that could be repeated with other functions (such as commercialization, maintenance or others).The solution for this situation is to have the designer to be more involved in the other concerns inside and outside the organization in who he works. The engineering writers have implored that these barriers should be eliminated. There have been several different reasons to their imploration that the role of the manufacturing concerns in the design process must be increased. More frequently repeated between these reasons they are an increasing level of competition, the role of the new process of manufacture, and the necessity to reduce implementation time of the development. All these justifications to push concurrent engineering ideas have deep historical antecedents. These justifications are discussed down. 2.1 Increased Competition A justification given for the necessity of the increasing cooperation in the process of the product development is an increasing level of competition. There have been demands that the competition level has increased recently occasionally when we did not consider recent more. For example, a claim is that the competition level has increased from the start of century of the nineteenth and the modern companies cannot be allowed not to pay attention to the design-manufacturing interaction. Similar, another say is that the one of high level of the competition in 1950s required that the personal of the design and the manufacture cooperate in the new product development. The economic competition is and has been always fierce now and this effect is not new. 2.2 New Production Methods Whereas the new methods of production enter in good condition gets to be important to get the knowledge on the new processes of production and its effects on the resulting product design to take advantage, and responds to the limitations of the new processes. The knowledge on these processes should be available for the designer of the product. This knowledge is often resident in the engineer of the production. Therefore, the situation where the new processes of production are used will be often important part to make sure that the design engineers work close by with the engineers of the production. Between new processes of manufacture, the development of the automatic techniques of the assembly has been mentioned frequently as to require of high level of integration between the design and manufacture. The new processes of manufacture are being developed continuously. Each new manufacturing process requires the close collaboration between the designer and the manufacturing engineer 2.3 Lead Time One of the first motivations for a concurrent engineering approach to the product development is a desire to shorten the total time that takes to bring a product to the market. The notion that the length of the development cycle is an important competitive advantage and that the direction of all the aspects of the problem of the design could take at the same time as a shortened development cycle is a rule of many years. In summary, the claim reasons of the necessity of the integration of the economic competition is the new processes of production, and the shortening implementation time are not new 3) Importance of Concurrent Engineering Concurrent engineering is important and this is because the following: It takes the products for successful Like work engineers, you will work in a concurrent atmosphere of engineering Necessity to understand the tools and techniques Increasing role of the process of manufacturing in decisions of product design Formation of cross-functional equipment concentrate on the client products requirements Implementation time like competitive advantage 4) Traditional Engineering versus Concurrent Engineering In traditional engineering less period of time is past relatively for defining the product on another hand the relatively long time is spent to design the product and awhile amazingly long time is often needed to readjusts the product. The key to shorten the time of the total design is to define better product and the best document the design process. Traditionally, the development of a product had been seen as a cycle of plan,do,check then Adjust.Concurrent engineering is a process in which the appropriate disciplines are trusting to work reciprocally to conceive, to approve, to develop, and to execute programs of the product that the meeting predetermined objectives. The figure down is comparison between the sequential, centralized and concurrent design This one is the relatively recent term that is applied to the philosophy of design of engineering of the cross-functional cooperation to create the products that are better, more cheaply and it is engaged in more quickly to put in the market. This new tendency joins technical and nontechnical disciplines such as engineering, commercialization and accounting. Always concentrating in the satisfaction of the client, these representatives work together in the definition of the product that will make. Therefore concurrent engineering can be defined as: A philosophy of the product development: Multiple design integration A method of product design: Integration of multidisciplinary people in the equipment of design A method to lead people: The design of what imagine in people Which is not concurrent engineering: It is not â€Å"on wall† Nor â€Å"of the wall† (it is being used and it is here remaining) The goal of concurrent engineering is to improve the interactive work of diverse disciplines that affect a product. The following are some of the advantages of concurrent engineering: It reduces the life cycle of product the procedure of redesign It reduces the production cost results of the minimization of the life cycle of product life cycle of product Maximizes the quality of the product initially spending more time and money in the cycle of design and making sure that the selection of the concept is optimized; the company can increase the perspective to give a product of quality to the client. Team Work the human resources is working together for a common product. The several organizations follow a plethora of product and development cycle of process. Characterizing the phases of the life cycle of the product development helps to put in perspective some of involved organization issues. The phases are: Declaration of mission (Mission statement): also it is known as brifr of the design. I must contain a general description of the product, the segments of target market, and of the categories of the client and specify the quota of market of the goals of business for, the margins of benefit and the projected Life cycle of the product. Definition of the market and the concept: The demands of the consumer are identified by several techniques of the market study; the studies of the test are conducted, identifies the requirement of functional technical design, the design and the viability of the manufacture are solved and the valuations of costs project. Generation and selection the system level concept: the several concepts of design are generated that satisfy the requirements with functional design. It designs the satisfaction of these requirements in terms of quality, the cost is selected and the delivery and the architecture of the product are solved. Detailed product design: The detailed specification of the dimensions of the product, the materials and the tolerances that are made. The special components and standard are identified Test and refinement of the prototype: the prototypes of the selected design will be tested for the viability of the functionality, the manufacturing and the assembly, and also for the cost. Planning of process, planning of production and control: The processes of real production of the end deign are planned. The plans of the control of production and the quality assurance are elaborated. Ramp-up and refinement of the production: in this the final phase of the production is finished in order it familiarity and the training manpower, discovering the correction of the production problems before complete level of the production is reached. Later, the product is launched. 5) Approaches to implement the concurrent engineering 5.1 TEAM BASED IMPLEMENTATION The team consists of designers and others of related areas. the team members are selected for their capacity to contributes in the design of a product, identifying potential problems early in the design stage. The progresses in hardware and software, have given to members the capacity to work in designs and to consider the effects of diverse qualities, on the final design. For the approach to the team-based work, they require to an team of multiple functions and is also desirable to educate the members of team in the philosophy of concurrent engineering. 5.2 COMPUTER BASED IMPLEMENTATION The team -based approach can be executed easily, but it has problems: How to handle to a team effectively Some members could have limited knowledge It can be expensive to maintain to a team Whereas the computers obtain more complex and faster, the new tools begin to emerge that they incorporate the concurrent philosophy of engineering in associate the hardware and software thus allowing that the designers change to the product design with respect to the life cycle of products. A constraint programming language is the onethat has been developed so that to the designers to consider all the implications of the life cycle related to the product (Bahler and others, 1990). 6) Requirements for Concurrent Engineering to be viable 6.1 Overcoming Traditional Barriers Beginning and maintaining the concurrent engineering is not an easy task. It demands the care, the discipline and the commission by the whole organization, of the management superior to the rows inferiors. It takes the education in all the levels from the organization on the concurrent engineering so that all speak a common language. The spectacular change to the traditional practices is also a necessity and the short term center of the business cannot exist in the context of the concurrent engineering that pleads continuous improvements. 6.2 Teamwork Development and Interaction Since the team work is the dominant essence of the concurrent engineering, the process to select to the team should be dealt seriously and with the precaution. Composing of the team of several disciplines in an organization must be able to share ideas, to communicate freely and to work from the beginning cohesive with a right of the common objective. The members of team of interdisciplinary groups must rove through the traditional departmental borders, for unconstrained by the arbitrary barriers, communicate their concepts, make recommendations and negotiate conflicts to bring problems to ignite early. It defines the goals more early possible to determine a vision common to allow the alignment of intentions. The effectiveness of the work in team depends on the distribution of ideas and goals beyond immediate allocations and departmental loyalties. It is important to observe that the work in team and the distribution are due to value just as highly as technical capacity and creativity and have to be considered as an integral part of engineer evaluation of operation. 6.3 Involvement of Outside Influences In order to develop close relationships with the clients and the suppliers, understanding its requirements and drawing on its contributions to understand better what and how to design. Being nearer clients will provide one better understanding of its requirements and company capacities to cover and to satisfy those demands. The close work with the suppliers adds its experience with zero cost to the organization. In fact, they often can, being expert in its respective fields, to suggest less expensive ways better and to make things. On the other hand, the information of suppliers is useful for the valuation of the project during the design stage. In addition, such relations facilitate manufacture practices just in time. 6.4 Co-evolution Many implied activities in the manufacture of a product of their concept, design, making to the end item, are interdependent and they are due to see altogether. They must be worked ignited concurrently to facilitate an appropriate analysis of compensation that takes to the optimization of process design, to the requirements in conflict and the violations of the constraint of being identified and being solved. 6.5 Continual Improvement In order to adopt a philosophy of doing it right and obtaining it better. The center of improvements must be applied in product and the processes implied in producing the product this possible aid to express the organization of the way of the fire fighting to the way of the prevention. 6.6 Information Sharing and Management It must have an efficient system of the distribution of information such that the members of a team can accede to all the corporative facilities and to the information of the work carried out by the several teams that is necessary to design, to prove, to make and to support the product on their life cycle. All the excellent aspects of the design process are due to register and to document for the future references. 6.7 Togetherness All the members of the teams must be established ideally near each other. This would animate communications and also it foments spirit of the group of the responsibility and the togetherness. If the positioning of the network is not possible to have each in great then proximity it must use to interchange the information. Alternatively, the team of the product development can accompany the movements by the product with its design and phases of development that gain experience throughout the way. 6.8 Integration of frameworks and Tools It integrates the frames and the computerized tools like the packages of CAD/CAM/CAE that give the transparent access to the tools related of the use and to the services of the part available to the team. It facilitates the process to transfer programs of the CAD/CAE in the machines to eliminate errors of the transcription in the manufacture upon the manufacture and of the assembly. 6.9 Empower In order to authorize individuals or to the team to make necessary decisions when it is invited in diverse stages of the product design, It has been observed that the empowerment could destraillar the maximum capacity of the individuals or of the team authorized that did the dear and connected sensation to them with the organization, of such better way emitting their operation and commitment. 7) Examples of Concurrent Engineering The aeronautical systems group at â€Å"Lockheed Corporation† recently developed and integrated of Corporation called â€Å"Calfab†. This mini-factory uses the automated disposition and the manufacture and has shortened the time that takes for the design and the manufacture of metal pieces of leaf as of 52 days 2 days a reduction of the 96 percent. Used metal to travel 2500 feet between the several machines and now travels only 150 feet. There are few lazy manufacturing companies that have not pointed at least a reduction of the 50 percent in the time that takes to send a new product of the idea to the production. The companies such â€Å"Xerox† has obtained this goal already. Few organizations have pushed east concept the point of having a strategy of corporative design or a way to project the design and the planning full-range of all products five years in the future, but this one is coming. It is the rare company that it has a strategy of the innovation that includes decisions on the business and new products, the risk, and the production. The good ideas have a unique quality of the motivation. People obtain moved envelope they and will be possible competition and discord on her origin. However, the majority of the ideas good or bad never they are acted on any close individual, groups, and, especially, companies. 8) Important factors in Concurrent Engineering Practice 8.1 Organizational Factor a. Cross-functional Teams: The members of project team gain one better understanding of the priorities of the project and process discipline, doing the visible risks and commitments for a better control. The team Is consisted of experts of engineering design, the production, the commercialization and any other functional area that has an interest acquired in the development project. They form to work in a specific project, and remain next to the team through development of the product. This approach seems more recent, because has been discussed through the years forties, fifties, and sixties, like viable way to obtain the work of complex development. b. Liaison Personnel: The connection of the personal are nonmember of any functional piece of an organization, but something the people who able and are prepared to approach the editions that cross functional boundaries of organization. The personal of the connection full-time have like their work the coordination of the different functions. Under this approach, they make the ways primary obtain the informative transmission between the functional areas. c. Job Rotation: The rotation of work means to turn personal between the functional categories. They assign these personal temporarily or permanently outside his customary functional specialty that is a manufacture engineer will work with the design engineers or vice versa. Thus it is possible to integrate the several knowledge bases without realizing significant structural changes to the organization. The rotation of work seems to have useful advantages of integration. 8.2 Some Helpful rule based methods: a. Product Design Methods Design for Manufacturing (DFM) DFM tries to reduce to the minimum the content of manufacturing information of the product design within the restrictions imposed by the functionality and the operation. Minimize the total number of parts Simplifies the design to make sure that the remaining pieces are easy to make, to mount, to direct and to maintain Standardizes as far as possible to facilitate desirable characteristics of produceability such as simplified interoperability, exchange capacity, interface, effective consolidation of pieces and function, availability of components and so on * Design for Quality it can intentionally be executed in the passage of the system design designing the product and the process to be tolerant of the variation * Design for Cost it is essential that the industrial organizations have analysis of cost and viable and responsive control systems. The effective analysis of the costs of the product or the project and the capacity to execute to the management of the cost control includes the management of the cost of the product or the project, and this one requires knowledge and an understanding of the elements of cost and its sensitivity to the several parameters of control. The cost analysis forms the base for the cost control and without exact and opportune data of cost, the control of effective cost is impossible. The more exact and more opportune data of cost are useless unless they are joined with an effective control mechanism of cost. * Design for Assembly (DFA) The searches to reduce to the minimum the cost of the assembly within pressures imposed by other requirements of design. DFA has been the departure point for the development of a corporative philosophy of DFM and the change of the culture accompanies that it. * Design for Safety The designer must develop the habit constantly to evaluate the design for the security, considering not only the design itself but the personal implied in the manufacture of the product, using the procedure, and in maintaining and the repair of the product or the system as well as the end user or the buyer. To develop to the processes of manufacture as well as the maintenance and the procedures of early operation during the design process will attend security problems that reveal in a while in which measured corrective they are possible to be taken in the minimum cost * Design for Reliability The Reliability is defined as the probability for which a device or a component of system will be realized successfully for : A given range of conditions of operation A specific environmental condition Awhile of prescribed economic survival Design for X Help to ensure that parts and products are correctly designed to be produced using a particular production process or method such as plastic injection molding or sheet metal stamping. It helps to make sure that the pieces and the products are correctly designed to be produced using a process or a particular method of production as plastic seal of the moulding under pressure or the metal of leaf. b. Integrated Computer Analysis This is based on the recognition that the passages in the development of a manufactured product are correlated and can be modeled with effectiveness using the computers. This relation comes around not only from the characteristics of the piece that are made but also of the processes, the specifications, the instructions and of the data that define and direct each passage in the manufacture process. 9) Product prototyping and Concurrent engineering Concurrent engineering uses the tools to obtain the communication of the design and to facilitate the process. Many of these tools include the modeled one, the creation of a fast prototype, and control systems of the document. The planning systems are used to help to develop the material channels and to handle valuations of the production. The creation of a fast prototype, and the software of control of the document for the putting in practice is very important in of concurrent engineering. The digital world has moved at a new level in the development of the engineering design. The recent advances in creation of a fast prototype are transforming the engineers of the way and the manufacturers are approaching design and the development of manufacture. Then the companies and the personnel directing adopt the solid modeled one, can hook to the development and the validation of the totally digital design. The implications are reduced costs of the development, reduced readjustment, and imp roved visualization of the product. An additional tool put in the product development and the equipment are the use of the creation of a fast prototype after digital validation of the design. This allows that we take what we thought we could outside have perfected in print of the computer and `towards a prototype of operation in a question of hours without the equipment of the pre-production or the expensive processes. The printed part resulting is 3 dimensional ones, the plastic part that can be really used in the use. The pieces can be mounted, be held, be beaten, be sanded, and be painted to watch and to feel exactly like the attempt of product calculation. These plastic pieces can be used, for example, with the validation of the assembly of the design, the real validation of manufacture, molds or the components of manufacture for the professional operations, commercialization, fairs, and the verification short of the design of the client. References R. A. Sprague, K. J. Singh and R. T. Wood (Mar 91). Concurrent engineering in product development. IEEE DESIGN AND TEST OF COMPUTERS, pp 6-13. Raymond T. Yeh (OCT. 92). Notes on concurrent engineering. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, v41, n5, pp 407-414.. A. Rosenblatt and G. F. Watson (JUL.91). Concurrent engineering. IEEE SPECTRUM, pp 22-37. D. Stewart (MAY 93). Concurrent development puts projects on target. ELECTRONIC DESIGN, pp 61-66. S. S. Chanan and M. Unny (1994). CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: Concepts, Implementation and Practice. Chapman Hall. C. G. M. Landon (1993). CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DESIGN: Integrating the Best Practices for Process Improvement. Dearborn, Michigan, Society of Manufacturing Engineers.. L. N. James and E.W. Daniel (1989). CONCURRENT DESIGN OF PRODUCTS PROCESSES: A Strategy for the Next Generation in Manufacturing. McGraw -Hill. Edited by H.R. Parsaei W.G. Sullivan(1993).Concurrent Engineering: Contemporary Issues and Modern Design Tools. Chapman Hall.?K. Andrew (1993). CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: Automation, Tools, and Techniques. John Wiley Sons. Ahluwalia, R.S. and Ji, P. (1990) Process planing in concurrent engineering environment, 1990 International Industrial Engineering Conference Proceedings, pp. 535-40. Charles, D.P.S.T. (1989) Simultaneous engineering, AUTOFACT 89, Conference Proceedings, Detroit, Michigan, October 30-Nov. 2, 14.1-14.6. ^ Ma, Y., Chen, G., Thimm, G., â€Å"Paradigm Shift: Unified and Associative Feature-based Concurrent Engineering and Collaborative Engineering†, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, DOI 10.1007/s10845-008-0128-y